std::list<T,Allocator>::back

 

C++

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Feature test macros (C++20)

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Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Containers library

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array (C++11)

vector

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forward_list (C++11)

list

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set

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multimap

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unordered_set (C++11)

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unordered_map (C++11)

unordered_multimap (C++11)

Adaptors

stack

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span (C++20)

 

std::list

Member functions

list::list

list::~list

list::operator=

list::assign

list::get_allocator

Element access

list::front

list::back

Iterators

list::beginlist::cbegin (C++11)

list::endlist::cend (C++11)

list::rbeginlist::crbegin (C++11)

list::rendlist::crend (C++11)

Capacity

list::empty

list::size

list::max_size

Modifiers

list::clear

list::insert

list::emplace (C++11)

list::erase

list::push_front

list::emplace_front (C++11)

list::pop_front

list::push_back

list::emplace_back (C++11)

list::pop_back

list::resize

list::swap

Operations

list::merge

list::splice

list::removelist::remove_if

list::reverse

list::unique

list::sort

Non-member functions

std::swap

eraseerase_if (C++20)(C++20)

operator==operator!=operator<operator>operator<=operator>=operator<=> (until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(C++20)

Deduction guides(C++17)

 

reference back();
const_reference back() const;

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end())

Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::list<char>:

Run this code

#include <list>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::list<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
    }  
}

Output:

The last character is 'f'.

See also

front

access the first element (public member function)